Control rods are critical components in nuclear reactors used to control the rate of the fission chain reaction. They are made from materials that absorb neutrons, such as boron, cadmium, or hafnium.
How They Work:
- In a nuclear reactor, fission reactions release neutrons that go on to split more nuclei, creating a chain reaction.
- Control rods are inserted into the reactor core to capture some of these free neutrons, thereby reducing the number of fissions.
- By inserting the rods deeper into the core, the reaction slows down.
- Withdrawing the rods allows more neutrons to sustain the chain reaction, increasing power output.
Key Functions:
- Maintain reactor stability by balancing neutron population.
- Shut down the reactor in emergencies by quickly absorbing neutrons.
- Adjust power output based on demand in power-generating reactors.
In essence, control rods act as the “brakes” of a nuclear reactor, enabling precise and safe regulation of nuclear energy production.