Catalytic converters are devices installed in the exhaust systems of vehicles to reduce harmful emissions by using catalysts—substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

These converters contain precious metals like platinum, palladium, and rhodium, which facilitate reactions that transform toxic gases into less harmful ones:

• Carbon monoxide (CO) → converted to carbon dioxide (CO₂)
• Unburned hydrocarbons (HCs) → converted to carbon dioxide and water
• Nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) → reduced to nitrogen (N₂) and oxygen (O₂)

Catalytic converters use oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions to achieve this cleanup, often operating under high-temperature conditions.

They are crucial for:

• Reducing air pollution
• Helping vehicles meet emissions regulations
• Minimizing environmental and health impacts from exhaust gases

Thanks to catalytic converters, modern vehicles emit significantly fewer pollutants than older models, contributing to cleaner air and a healthier environment.