What is pomology?
Pomology is the branch of agriculture dealing with fruit cultivation, improvement, harvesting, storage, and marketing.
Which crops are studied under pomology?
Pomology studies fruit crops like mango, apple, banana, citrus, grape, guava, and papaya.
What is the origin of the word pomology?
The term pomology comes from Latin word “pomum” meaning fruit and “logy” meaning study.
Why is pomology important in agriculture?
Pomology improves fruit yield, quality, nutrition, export value, farmer income, and sustainable horticultural practices.
Which fruits are called pomes?
Apple, pear, and quince are classified as pomes due to fleshy thalamus development.
Which fruit is known as the king of fruits?
Mango is called the king of fruits because of its taste, aroma, nutritional value, and popularity.
Which fruit is known as the queen of fruits?
Mangosteen is known as the queen of fruits due to its rich flavor and medicinal properties.
What is the scientific name of mango?
The scientific name of mango is Mangifera indica.
What is the scientific name of apple?
The scientific name of apple is Malus domestica.
Which fruit crop has highest vitamin C content?
Amla contains the highest vitamin C among commonly cultivated fruit crops.
Which fruit is richest in potassium?
Banana is rich in potassium and supports muscle function and heart health.
Which fruit is called poor man’s apple?
Guava is known as poor man’s apple due to high nutrition at low cost.
Which fruit is climacteric?
Mango, banana, apple, and papaya are climacteric fruits showing increased respiration during ripening.
Which fruit is non-climacteric?
Grapes, citrus, pineapple, and strawberry are non-climacteric fruits.
What is a climacteric fruit?
Climacteric fruits show a sudden rise in respiration and ethylene production during ripening.
What is ethylene in pomology?
Ethylene is a plant hormone responsible for fruit ripening, senescence, and abscission.
Which fruit produces maximum ethylene?
Apple produces high ethylene, influencing ripening of nearby stored fruits.
What is parthenocarpy?
Parthenocarpy is fruit development without fertilization, producing seedless fruits.
Which fruits show parthenocarpy?
Banana, pineapple, seedless grapes, and some citrus varieties show parthenocarpy.
What is fruit thinning?
Fruit thinning removes excess fruits to improve size, quality, and tree health.
Why is pruning important in pomology?
Pruning improves light penetration, air circulation, fruit quality, and disease control.
What is training in fruit crops?
Training directs plant growth into desired shape for better yield and management.
What is the espalier system?
Espalier trains fruit trees flat against walls or wires to save space.
What is high-density planting?
High-density planting grows more trees per unit area to increase productivity.
Which fruit is propagated by grafting?
Mango, apple, citrus, and sapota are commonly propagated by grafting.
Which fruit is propagated by budding?
Citrus fruits are mostly propagated through budding techniques.
Which fruit is propagated vegetatively?
Banana, pineapple, grape, and strawberry are propagated vegetatively.
What is rootstock?
Rootstock is the lower part of grafted plant providing root system and vigor control.
What is scion?
Scion is the upper part of grafted plant responsible for fruiting and varietal traits.
Which fruit requires chilling hours?
Apple, pear, peach, and plum require chilling hours for proper flowering.
What are chilling hours?
Chilling hours are accumulated cold temperatures required for breaking bud dormancy.
Which fruit grows best in tropical climate?
Mango, banana, papaya, and pineapple grow best in tropical climates.
Which fruit grows best in temperate climate?
Apple, pear, cherry, and peach thrive in temperate climates.
Which fruit grows best in subtropical climate?
Citrus, guava, litchi, and pomegranate prefer subtropical conditions.
What is fruit maturity?
Fruit maturity is the stage when fruits attain optimal size, quality, and harvest readiness.
What is fruit ripening?
Fruit ripening involves biochemical changes improving sweetness, color, texture, and flavor.
What is physiological maturity?
Physiological maturity is stage when fruit can ripen normally after harvest.
Which fruit is harvested unripe?
Banana is harvested unripe and ripened artificially for market supply.
What is artificial ripening?
Artificial ripening uses ethylene or safe chemicals to induce uniform fruit ripening.
Which chemical is banned for ripening?
Calcium carbide is banned due to harmful health effects.
What is post-harvest management?
Post-harvest management reduces losses through proper handling, storage, grading, and transportation.
What is cold storage?
Cold storage preserves fruits by slowing respiration and microbial activity.
Which fruit has longest shelf life?
Apple has relatively long shelf life under controlled storage conditions.
What is controlled atmosphere storage?
Controlled atmosphere storage regulates oxygen and carbon dioxide to extend fruit storage life.
Which fruit is rich in antioxidants?
Pomegranate is rich in antioxidants beneficial for heart and immune health.
Which fruit is called desert apple?
Ber is called desert apple due to drought tolerance and nutritional value.
What is fruit drop?
Fruit drop is premature falling of fruits due to hormonal imbalance or stress.
Which hormone prevents fruit drop?
Auxins like NAA help prevent premature fruit drop.
What is alternate bearing?
Alternate bearing is irregular fruiting pattern with heavy and light yield years.
Which fruit shows alternate bearing?
Mango commonly shows alternate or biennial bearing habit.
What is canopy management?
Canopy management optimizes tree structure for better light interception and yield.
Which fruit is rich in iron?
Pomegranate and apple contain moderate iron content supporting hemoglobin formation.
Which fruit is richest in vitamin A?
Mango and papaya are rich sources of vitamin A.
What is fruit grading?
Fruit grading classifies fruits based on size, weight, color, and quality.
Which fruit is most exported from India?
Mango is one of the most exported fruits from India.
What is organic fruit farming?
Organic fruit farming avoids synthetic chemicals, using natural inputs and eco-friendly practices.
What is integrated nutrient management?
Integrated nutrient management combines organic, inorganic, and bio-fertilizers for soil health.
Which fruit is used in wine making?
Grapes are primarily used in wine production.
What is table grape?
Table grapes are seedless varieties grown for fresh consumption.
Which fruit is called wonder fruit?
Papaya is called wonder fruit due to medicinal and digestive properties.
What is fruit cracking?
Fruit cracking is splitting of fruit skin caused by irregular watering or humidity.
Which fruit is prone to cracking?
Pomegranate and litchi are highly prone to fruit cracking.
What is sunburn in fruits?
Sunburn is fruit skin damage caused by excessive sunlight exposure.
Which fruit is sensitive to frost?
Banana and papaya are highly sensitive to frost injury.
What is fruit fly?
Fruit fly is a major pest damaging fruits by egg laying inside fruit pulp.
Which fruit is most affected by fruit fly?
Mango, guava, and citrus are heavily affected by fruit fly infestation.
What is bagging in fruits?
Bagging covers fruits to protect from pests, diseases, and sun damage.
Which fruit benefits from bagging?
Apple, mango, and pear benefit from fruit bagging practices.
What is intercropping in orchards?
Intercropping grows short-duration crops between fruit trees to increase income.
Which intercrop suits young orchards?
Vegetables, pulses, and legumes suit young orchards before canopy closure.
What is rejuvenation pruning?
Rejuvenation pruning restores productivity of old, unproductive fruit trees.
Which fruit tree needs rejuvenation?
Old mango orchards commonly require rejuvenation pruning.
What is fruit set?
Fruit set is successful conversion of flowers into developing fruits.
Which factor affects fruit set most?
Pollination efficiency greatly affects fruit set percentage.
What is cross-pollination?
Cross-pollination involves transfer of pollen between different plants.
Which fruit needs cross-pollination?
Apple requires cross-pollination for good fruit set.
What is self-pollination?
Self-pollination occurs when pollen fertilizes flowers on same plant.
Which fruit is self-pollinated?
Peach is largely self-pollinated.
What is honey bee role in pomology?
Honey bees improve pollination, increasing fruit set and yield.
Which fruit is seedless naturally?
Banana is naturally seedless due to parthenocarpy.
What is fruit quality?
Fruit quality includes size, color, taste, aroma, texture, and nutritional value.
Which fruit is used for jam making?
Strawberry, apple, and guava are commonly used for jam production.
What is pomological research?
Pomological research improves varieties, yield, disease resistance, and storage life.
Which institute researches fruit crops in India?
ICAR institutes conduct extensive fruit crop research in India.
What is orchard management?
Orchard management involves planting, irrigation, nutrition, pruning, and pest control.
Which fruit needs drip irrigation?
Grape, banana, and pomegranate benefit highly from drip irrigation.
What is mulching in orchards?
Mulching conserves soil moisture, controls weeds, and improves soil health.
Which mulch is organic?
Straw straw, dry leaves, and compost are organic mulching materials.
What is fruit malformation?
Fruit malformation is abnormal fruit shape due to physiological disorders or pests.
Which fruit shows malformation commonly?
Mango commonly shows floral and vegetative malformation.
What is fruit drop hormone spray?
NAA spray reduces premature fruit drop in many fruit crops.
What is pomology scope?
Pomology offers careers in farming, research, agribusiness, processing, and export sectors.
Which fruit is called the apple of paradise?
Banana is sometimes called apple of paradise due to its ancient cultivation and nutritional importance.
What is pomological classification?
Pomological classification groups fruits based on botanical structure like berry, drupe, pome, and hesperidium.
Which fruits are classified as drupes?
Mango, peach, plum, cherry, and coconut are classified as drupes.
What is a berry fruit?
Berry fruits have soft pericarp with seeds embedded in pulp, like banana and grape.
Which fruit is a hesperidium?
Citrus fruits like orange, lemon, and lime are classified as hesperidium.
What is a nut fruit?
Nut fruits have hard pericarp enclosing a single seed, like cashew and walnut.
Which fruit has multiple edible parts?
Pineapple has multiple flowers fused into a single edible fruit.
What is a multiple fruit?
Multiple fruits develop from an inflorescence, not a single flower.
Which fruit is a multiple fruit?
Pineapple and jackfruit are examples of multiple fruits.
What is jackfruit botanical type?
Jackfruit is a multiple fruit formed from the entire inflorescence.
Which fruit has latex?
Papaya and jackfruit contain latex that aids digestion and processing.
What enzyme is found in papaya?
Papain enzyme in papaya aids protein digestion.
What enzyme is found in pineapple?
Bromelain enzyme in pineapple helps in protein digestion.
Which fruit is richest in dietary fiber?
Guava is rich in dietary fiber aiding digestion and gut health.
Which fruit is used for dehydration?
Apple, banana, and mango are commonly dehydrated for preservation.
What is fruit dehydration?
Fruit dehydration removes moisture to extend shelf life and reduce microbial growth.
Which fruit is commonly candied?
Amla and pineapple are commonly used for candy preparation.
What is fruit processing?
Fruit processing converts fresh fruits into products like juice, jam, jelly, and pulp.
Which fruit is used for squash preparation?
Orange, lemon, and mango are widely used for squash production.
What is fruit pulp?
Fruit pulp is crushed edible portion used in juices, jams, and beverages.
Which fruit pulp is exported from India?
Mango pulp is widely exported from India.
What is orchard spacing?
Orchard spacing is distance between plants for optimal growth and yield.
Which fruit needs wider spacing?
Mango trees require wider spacing due to large canopy development.
Which fruit requires close spacing?
Banana requires close spacing for efficient land use.
What is dwarf rootstock?
Dwarf rootstock reduces tree size and enables high-density planting.
Which fruit uses dwarf rootstock widely?
Apple cultivation widely uses dwarf rootstocks.
What is fruit respiration?
Fruit respiration is metabolic process converting sugars into energy after harvest.
Which storage reduces respiration rate?
Cold storage reduces fruit respiration rate significantly.
What is physiological disorder in fruits?
Physiological disorders are non-pathogenic problems caused by nutrient or environmental imbalance.
Which fruit shows spongy tissue disorder?
Mango shows spongy tissue disorder due to temperature imbalance.
What is bitter pit?
Bitter pit is calcium deficiency disorder in apple fruits.
What is black heart in fruits?
Black heart is internal browning caused by oxygen deficiency during storage.
Which fruit shows internal browning?
Apple and pear commonly show internal browning.
What is fruit softening?
Fruit softening occurs due to breakdown of pectin during ripening.
Which hormone causes fruit softening?
Ethylene hormone promotes fruit softening during ripening.
What is fruit color development?
Fruit color develops due to pigment synthesis like carotenoids and anthocyanins.
Which pigment gives red color to fruits?
Anthocyanin pigment gives red and purple color to fruits.
Which pigment gives yellow color to fruits?
Carotenoid pigments give yellow and orange color to fruits.
Which fruit is rich in lycopene?
Watermelon contains high lycopene content.
What is fruit waxing?
Fruit waxing reduces moisture loss and improves appearance and shelf life.
Which fruit is waxed commercially?
Apple and citrus fruits are commonly waxed commercially.
What is orchard sanitation?
Orchard sanitation removes diseased plant parts to reduce pest and disease spread.
Which fruit disease affects mango panicles?
Powdery mildew affects mango panicles and flowers.
Which fruit disease causes citrus canker?
Citrus canker is a bacterial disease affecting citrus fruits.
What is fruit grading standard?
Fruit grading standards ensure uniform quality for domestic and export markets.
Which fruit has GI tag in India?
Alphonso mango has Geographical Indication tag.
What is fruit export quality?
Export quality fruits meet size, color, residue, and packaging standards.
Which fruit is sensitive to bruising?
Apple and peach are highly sensitive to bruising during handling.
What is fruit firmness?
Fruit firmness indicates texture quality and shelf life.
Which instrument measures fruit firmness?
Penetrometer measures fruit firmness.
What is orchard yield?
Orchard yield is total fruit production per unit area.
Which fruit gives early yield?
Papaya gives early yield compared to other fruit crops.
Which fruit has long gestation period?
Mango has a long gestation period before commercial bearing.
What is fruit bearing age?
Fruit bearing age is the time when tree starts commercial fruiting.
Which fruit bears within one year?
Banana bears fruits within one year of planting.
What is ratoon cropping?
Ratoon cropping involves harvesting multiple crops from same plant base.
Which fruit follows ratoon cropping?
Banana follows ratoon cropping system.
What is orchard longevity?
Orchard longevity is productive lifespan of fruit trees.
Which fruit orchard lasts longest?
Mango orchards can remain productive for several decades.
What is fruit harvesting index?
Harvesting index determines correct maturity stage for harvesting fruits.
What is maturity index in mango?
Mango maturity index includes color change, days from flowering, and specific gravity.
Which fruit floats in water when mature?
Mature mango fruits float in water.
What is fruit marketing?
Fruit marketing involves grading, packing, transport, and sale of fruits.
Which fruit has highest domestic demand?
Banana has highest domestic consumption among fruits.
What is pomology career scope?
Pomology offers opportunities in research, farming, agribusiness, processing, and export industries.