A Zener diode is a special type of semiconductor diode designed to conduct current in the reverse direction when the reverse voltage across it reaches a specific, predetermined value called the Zener breakdown voltage.
How It Works:
- In normal diodes, reverse current is blocked up to the breakdown point, beyond which the diode may be damaged.
- In contrast, a Zener diode is intentionally designed to enter breakdown safely and conduct reverse current once the Zener voltage is reached.
- Below this voltage, it behaves like a normal diode, allowing current in only the forward direction.
Key Features:
- The Zener voltage is tightly controlled during manufacturing, making the diode ideal for voltage reference and regulation.
- Zener breakdown is a reversible and non-destructive process in these diodes.
Applications:
- Voltage regulation: To maintain a constant voltage across a load despite variations in supply voltage or load current.
- Over-voltage protection: Protects sensitive electronic components by clamping voltage spikes.
- Reference elements: Used in analog circuits to provide precise voltage references.
Zener diodes are essential in electronics where a stable and precise voltage is required, particularly in power supplies and voltage-sensitive applications.