Exothermic Reactions: Releasing Heat to the Surroundings

Exothermic reactions are chemical reactions that release heat energy into their surroundings. This results in an increase in temperature of

Oxygen: Vital for Cellular Respiration

Oxygen is a crucial element for respiration in most life forms, especially aerobic organisms (those that require oxygen to survive).

DNA: A Polymer of Nucleotides

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a polymer, meaning it is a large molecule made by linking together smaller repeating units. In

Polymers: Giant Molecules Built from Repeating Units

Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating units called monomers that are chemically bonded together, often in long chains.

Metallic Bonds: A Sea of Electrons in Metals

Metallic bonds are the type of chemical bonds that hold metal atoms together. In this bonding model, metal atoms release

Covalent Bonds: Sharing Electrons for Stability

Covalent bonds are chemical bonds formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. This type of bonding

Ionic Bonds: Formed by Electron Transfer

Ionic bonds are a type of chemical bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting

Electron Shells: Energy Levels Around the Nucleus

Electrons are negatively charged particles that move around the nucleus of an atom in defined regions called energy levels or

Enzymes: Nature’s Biological Catalysts

Enzymes are specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts, meaning they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being

The pH Scale: Measuring Acidity and Alkalinity

The pH scale is a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 14 that measures how acidic or basic (alkaline) a