Spin Waves: Collective Excitations in Magnetic Systems

Spin waves are collective oscillations of electron spins in an ordered magnetic material, such as a ferromagnet or antiferromagnet. How

Magnons: Quantized Spin Waves in Magnetic Materials

A magnon is a quasiparticle that represents a quantized spin wave—a collective excitation of the aligned electron spins in a

Polarons: Electrons Coupled with Lattice Vibrations

A polaron is a quasiparticle formed when an electron (or hole) in a crystal interacts with the vibrations of the

Excitons: Electron–Hole Pairs in Semiconductors

An exciton is a bound state formed between an excited electron and the resulting hole (a positively charged vacancy) in

Skyrmions: Topological Spin Textures for Future Memory Technologies

Skyrmions are tiny, swirling configurations of spins (magnetic moments) in certain magnetic materials. These structures are topologically protected, meaning their

Anomalous Hall Effect: Hall Voltage Without External Magnetic Fields

The anomalous Hall effect (AHE) is a phenomenon in ferromagnetic materials where a transverse voltage (Hall voltage) appears even in

Valleytronics: Using Valleys as Information Carriers

Valleytronics is an emerging field in condensed matter physics and electronics that utilizes the “valley” degree of freedom of electrons

Spin-Orbit Coupling: Linking Spin and Motion

Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is a quantum phenomenon where a particle’s intrinsic spin becomes linked to its motion through space —

Quantum Non-Demolition Measurements: Observing Without Destroying

Quantum non-demolition (QND) measurements are a special class of quantum observations designed to extract information about a system without disturbing

Majorana Fermions and Their Role in Quantum Computing

Majorana fermions are hypothetical particles that are their own antiparticles, first proposed by physicist Ettore Majorana in 1937. In condensed