Photoconductors: Light-Responsive Materials

Photoconductors are materials whose electrical conductivity increases when exposed to light. They are also known as photoresistors or light-dependent resistors

Photodetectors: Converting Light into Electricity

Photodetectors are devices that sense light and convert it into electrical signals. They are essential components in a wide range

Noise Temperature: Measuring Noise Power as Heat

Noise temperature is a way to express the amount of noise power in an electrical system as if it were

Thermal Noise: The Random Background of Electronics

Thermal noise, also known as Johnson–Nyquist noise, is a fundamental type of electrical noise generated by the random motion of

Maxwell’s Demon: Challenging the Second Law

Maxwell’s demon is a famous thought experiment proposed by physicist James Clerk Maxwell to challenge the Second Law of Thermodynamics,

Radiative Forcing: Measuring Climate Change Drivers

Radiative forcing is a measure of the energy imbalance in Earth’s atmosphere caused by changes in factors like greenhouse gases,

Albedo: How Reflective a Surface Is

Albedo is the fraction or percentage of incoming light or radiation that a surface reflects without absorbing it. Key points:

Stefan–Boltzmann Constant: Linking Temperature to Radiated Energy

The Stefan–Boltzmann constant is a fundamental physical constant that serves as the proportionality factor in the Stefan–Boltzmann law, which describes

Kirchhoff’s Law of Thermal Radiation: Absorbers Are Emitters

Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation states that for a body in thermal equilibrium, the emissivity (how well it emits radiation)

Wien’s Displacement Law: Temperature Sets Color

Wien’s displacement law states that the wavelength at which a blackbody emits most intensely is inversely proportional to its temperature.