Polarization of Light: Aligning the Electric Field

Polarization refers to the direction in which the electric field of a light wave oscillates as the wave travels through

Brewster’s Angle: The Polarization Point of Perfect Transmission

Brewster’s angle, also known as the polarizing angle, is the specific angle of incidence at which light striking a surface

Compton Effect: Proof of Light’s Particle Nature

The Compton effect, discovered by Arthur H. Compton in 1923, provided compelling evidence that light behaves like particles, not just

Rutherford Model: A Nuclear-Centered Atom

The Rutherford model of the atom, proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, marked a major breakthrough in understanding atomic structure.

Bremsstrahlung Radiation: Light from Slowing Charged Particles

Bremsstrahlung, a German term meaning “braking radiation,” refers to the electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (typically an electron)

Nuclear Reactors: Harnessing Controlled Fission for Power Generation

A nuclear reactor is a device designed to safely control nuclear fission reactions to produce heat, which is then used

Nuclear Fission: Splitting Atoms to Release Energy

Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which a heavy atomic nucleus, such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239, splits into two

Thermoelectric Effects: Converting Heat into Electricity and Vice Versa

Thermoelectric effects refer to a set of physical phenomena where heat energy is directly converted into electrical energy, or electrical

Joule Heating: Turning Electric Current into Heat

Joule heating, also known as resistive heating, is the process by which electrical energy is converted into heat when an

Biot–Savart Law: Calculating Magnetic Fields from Electric Currents

The Biot–Savart Law is a fundamental equation in electromagnetism that describes how a steady electric current produces a magnetic field