Asymptotic Freedom – The Strong Force Weakens at High Energies

Asymptotic freedom is a remarkable property of the strong nuclear force, the force that binds quarks together inside protons, neutrons,

Quantum Electrodynamics – The Theory of Light-Matter Interaction

Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) is the quantum field theory that describes how light (photons) interacts with matter (such as electrons and

Positrons – The Antimatter Counterparts of Electrons

Positrons are the antiparticles of electrons. While electrons carry a negative electric charge (−1), positrons have the same mass as

The Twin Paradox – Time’s Strange Effects in Relativity

The twin paradox is a famous thought experiment in special relativity that illustrates how time dilation causes differential aging between

The Muon – The Electron’s Heavier Twin

The muon is an elementary particle that is nearly identical to the electron in terms of electric charge (−1) and

The Standard Model’s Missing Piece – Gravity

The Standard Model of particle physics is a remarkably successful theory that describes three of the four fundamental forces in

The Electromagnetic Spectrum – From Radio Waves to Gamma Rays

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic radiation, from the longest radio waves to the shortest gamma rays.

Hawking Radiation – How Black Holes Can Evaporate

Hawking radiation is a groundbreaking theoretical prediction made by physicist Stephen Hawking in 1974, which suggests that black holes are

The Neutrino – Pauli’s Invisible Solution to Beta Decay

In 1930, physicist Wolfgang Pauli proposed the existence of a new, unseen particle—later named the neutrino—to solve a troubling mystery

Quantum Chromodynamics – The Theory of Quarks and Gluons

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the branch of quantum field theory that describes the strong nuclear force, the fundamental force responsible