Covalent Bonds: Sharing Electrons for Stability
Covalent bonds are chemical bonds formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. This type of bonding
Ionic Bonds: Formed by Electron Transfer
Ionic bonds are a type of chemical bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting
Electron Shells: Energy Levels Around the Nucleus
Electrons are negatively charged particles that move around the nucleus of an atom in defined regions called energy levels or
Enzymes: Nature’s Biological Catalysts
Enzymes are specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts, meaning they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being
The pH Scale: Measuring Acidity and Alkalinity
The pH scale is a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 14 that measures how acidic or basic (alkaline) a
Avogadro’s Number: The Mole’s Counting Unit
Avogadro’s number, approximately 6.022 × 10²³, represents the number of particles—such as atoms, molecules, or ions—contained in one mole of
Isotopes: Variants of the Same Element
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in
Noble Gases: Chemically Inert Due to Full Outer Shells
Noble gases—including helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon—are known for being chemically inert, meaning they rarely form compounds with
The Birth of the Periodic Table by Dmitri Mendeleev
The periodic table was first developed by Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, in 1869. He organized the known chemical elements
Carbon: The Backbone of Organic Life
Carbon is the foundation of organic chemistry because of its unique ability to form four stable covalent bonds with other