Turbulence: The Chaotic Side of Fluid Flow
Turbulence is a complex and irregular state of fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and velocity. Unlike smooth,
Reynolds Number: Predicting Fluid Flow Behavior
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics used to predict how a fluid will flow—smoothly (laminar) or
Thermal Expansion: Materials Grow When Heated
Thermal expansion is the tendency of most materials to increase in size when their temperature rises. As a substance is
Gibbs Free Energy – Predicting Spontaneous Processes
Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic quantity that helps predict whether a process or chemical reaction will occur spontaneously under
Critical Angle – Gateway to Total Internal Reflection
The critical angle is the smallest angle of incidence at which total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a
Diffraction – The Bending and Spreading of Waves
Diffraction is a wave phenomenon that occurs when waves encounter an obstacle or pass through a narrow opening. Instead of
Hooke’s Law – The Elastic Force of Springs
Hooke’s Law describes how elastic materials like springs behave when stretched or compressed. It states that the restoring force required
Plasma – The Fourth State of Matter
Plasma is a unique and energetic state of matter distinct from solids, liquids, and gases. It forms when a gas
Resonance – Amplifying Oscillations at Natural Frequency
Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when an external force drives a system at its natural frequency—the specific frequency at
Coefficient of Restitution – Measuring Collision Energy Conservation
The coefficient of restitution (COR) is a number that tells us how “bouncy” a collision is between two objects. It