The Heisenberg Microscope – Illustrating the Uncertainty Principle
The Heisenberg microscope is a famous thought experiment devised by physicist Werner Heisenberg to illustrate the uncertainty principle—a fundamental concept
The Photoelectric Effect – Proving Photons Carry Momentum
The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which light shining on a metal surface causes electrons to be ejected from
Constructive and Destructive Interference – When Waves Combine
Wave interference is a fundamental phenomenon that occurs when two or more waves overlap in space and time. Depending on
Planck Time – The Universe’s Smallest Time Unit
Planck time is the shortest meaningful unit of time in physics, estimated to be about 5.4 × 10⁻⁴⁴ seconds. It
The Electron Cloud Model – Visualizing Atomic Uncertainty
The electron cloud model is a modern representation of how electrons exist around an atomic nucleus. Unlike earlier classical models,
Asymptotic Freedom – The Strong Force Weakens at High Energies
Asymptotic freedom is a remarkable property of the strong nuclear force, the force that binds quarks together inside protons, neutrons,
Quantum Electrodynamics – The Theory of Light-Matter Interaction
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) is the quantum field theory that describes how light (photons) interacts with matter (such as electrons and
Positrons – The Antimatter Counterparts of Electrons
Positrons are the antiparticles of electrons. While electrons carry a negative electric charge (−1), positrons have the same mass as
The Twin Paradox – Time’s Strange Effects in Relativity
The twin paradox is a famous thought experiment in special relativity that illustrates how time dilation causes differential aging between
The Muon – The Electron’s Heavier Twin
The muon is an elementary particle that is nearly identical to the electron in terms of electric charge (−1) and